то-

Tajik

Etymology

From то (to, “until”). Phono-semantic matching of Russian до- (do-, “pre-”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /to/, [t̪ʰɔ]

Prefix

то- • (to-) (Persian spelling تا)

  1. pre-, ante-
    Antonym: баъди- (ba'd-i-)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎синф (sinf, “class”) → ‎тосинфӣ (tosinfi, “preclass”)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎инқилоб (inqilob, “revolution”) → ‎тоинқилобӣ (toyinqilobi, “prerevolutionary”)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎ҷанг (jang, “war”) → ‎тоҷангӣ (tojangi, “prewar, antebellum”)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎таърих (ta'rix, “history”) → ‎тотаърихӣ (tota'rixi, “prehistoric”)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎мактаб (maktab, “school”) → ‎томактабӣ (tomaktabi, “preschool”)
    ‎то- (to-) + ‎шӯравӣ (šüravi, “soviet”) → ‎тошӯравӣ (tošüravi, “pre-Soviet”)

References

  1. ^ John R. Perry (2005) A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (in English), Brill, page 487:
    In word-building, one Russian model seems to have directly suggested an otherwise unattested Persian form. Adjectives meaning 'pre-X', formed by prefixing то تا 'until, up to' to a word X, and suffixing the relative -ī, such as то-синфӣ تاصنفی 'pre-class', are direct caiques on Russian adjectives prefixed with the semantically and phonetically similar до- (in this case, до-класс-овый).
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