रूढ
Prakrit
Adjective
रूढ (rūḍha)
- Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (“grown”)
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ৰূঢ (Assamese script)
- ᬭᬹᬠ (Balinese script)
- রূঢ (Bengali script)
- 𑰨𑰳𑰛 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀭𑀽𑀠 (Brahmi script)
- ရူဎ (Burmese script)
- રૂઢ (Gujarati script)
- ਰੂਢ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌰𑍂𑌢 (Grantha script)
- ꦫꦹꦞ (Javanese script)
- 𑂩𑂴𑂛 (Kaithi script)
- ರೂಢ (Kannada script)
- រូឍ (Khmer script)
- ຣູຒ (Lao script)
- രൂഢ (Malayalam script)
- ᡵᡠᡠᢟᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘨𑘴𑘛 (Modi script)
- ᠷᠤᠤᢎᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧈𑧕𑦻 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐬𑐹𑐝 (Newa script)
- ରୂଢ (Odia script)
- ꢬꢹꢟ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆫𑆷𑆞 (Sharada script)
- 𑖨𑖳𑖛 (Siddham script)
- රූඪ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩼𑩒𑩛𑩩 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚤𑚱𑚗 (Takri script)
- ரூட⁴ (Tamil script)
- రూఢ (Telugu script)
- รูฒ (Thai script)
- རཱུ་ཌྷ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒩𑒴𑒜 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨫𑨃𑨊𑨗 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
An Old Indo-Aryan continuation of *ruẓḍʰá, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tó-s, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬀 (uruzda, “grown”).
The retraction of the sibilant in *ruẓḍʰá was triggered by the application of the RUKI sound law to Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrudᶻdʰás in the Old Indo-Aryan stage. This was a dialectal form with a development parallel to the expected sound change which would have yielded *ruddʰá. For similar Indo-Aryan developments, see Sanskrit उड्डीयते (uḍḍīyate) and Hindi कुढ़ना (kuṛhnā).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɾuː.ɖʱɐ/
Adjective
रूढ • (rūḍhá) stem
- grown, sprung up, arisen, ascended
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) 6.42.2:
- वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
- vanaspatīnāṃ pratiṣṭhito yaḥ same bhūmyai svādyone rūḍhaḥ pratyeva tiṣṭhati
- Among trees, that tree is well supported which has grown from its own birthplace on level ground and is firm.
- वनस्पतीनां प्रतिष्ठितो यः समे भूम्यै स्वाद्योने रूढः प्रत्येव तिष्ठति
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रूढः (rūḍháḥ) | रूढौ (rūḍhaú) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) रूढासः¹ (rūḍhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | रूढम् (rūḍhám) | रूढौ (rūḍhaú) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रूढान् (rūḍhā́n) |
| instrumental | रूढेन (rūḍhéna) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढैः (rūḍhaíḥ) रूढेभिः¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | रूढाय (rūḍhā́ya) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रूढात् (rūḍhā́t) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रूढस्य (rūḍhásya) | रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढेषु (rūḍhéṣu) |
| vocative | रूढ (rū́ḍha) | रूढौ (rū́ḍhau) रूढा¹ (rū́ḍhā¹) |
रूढाः (rū́ḍhāḥ) रूढासः¹ (rū́ḍhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रूढा (rūḍhā́) | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) |
| accusative | रूढाम् (rūḍhā́m) | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढाः (rūḍhā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | रूढया (rūḍháyā) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढाभिः (rūḍhā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | रूढायै (rūḍhā́yai) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढाभ्यः (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रूढायाः (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रूढायै² (rūḍhā́yai²) |
रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढाभ्यः (rūḍhā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रूढायाः (rūḍhā́yāḥ) रूढायै² (rūḍhā́yai²) |
रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रूढायाम् (rūḍhā́yām) | रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढासु (rūḍhā́su) |
| vocative | रूढे (rū́ḍhe) | रूढे (rū́ḍhe) | रूढाः (rū́ḍhāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रूढम् (rūḍhám) | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढानि (rūḍhā́ni) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
| accusative | रूढम् (rūḍhám) | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढानि (rūḍhā́ni) रूढा¹ (rūḍhā́¹) |
| instrumental | रूढेन (rūḍhéna) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढैः (rūḍhaíḥ) रूढेभिः¹ (rūḍhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | रूढाय (rūḍhā́ya) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रूढात् (rūḍhā́t) | रूढाभ्याम् (rūḍhā́bhyām) | रूढेभ्यः (rūḍhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रूढस्य (rūḍhásya) | रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढानाम् (rūḍhā́nām) |
| locative | रूढे (rūḍhé) | रूढयोः (rūḍháyoḥ) | रूढेषु (rūḍhéṣu) |
| vocative | रूढ (rū́ḍha) | रूढे (rū́ḍhe) | रूढानि (rū́ḍhāni) रूढा¹ (rū́ḍhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “रूढ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0885.