Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to stick; prick; stab”). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”) as a cognate, reconstructs the original athematic paradigm as *ḱélh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-m-ós (cf. *elm-, *alm-, *ulm- (“elm”)), rejecting Beekes' *ḱólh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-ém-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑl.mɑz/

Noun

*halmaz m[2]

  1. (botany) halm; stem; stalk
  2. straw; hay

Inflection

Declension of *halmaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *halmaz *halmōz, *halmōs
vocative *halm *halmōz, *halmōs
accusative *halmą *halmanz
genitive *halmas, *halmis *halmǫ̂
dative *halmai *halmamaz
instrumental *halmō *halmamiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *halm
    • Old English: healm n, halm
    • Old Frisian: *halm
    • Old Saxon: halm
      • Middle Low German: halm
        • German Low German: Halm
    • Old Dutch: *halm
    • Old High German: halm
  • Old Norse: halmr

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2011) “*helm, *hulmaz”, in The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 162–163
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xalmaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
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