Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōpijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hrōpaz (“call, shout”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxrɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrōpijaną[1]

  1. To call; cry

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hrōpijō *hrōpijaų — *hrōpijai ?
2nd singular *hrōpīsi *hrōpijais *hrōpī *hrōpijasai *hrōpijaisau
3rd singular *hrōpīþi *hrōpijai *hrōpijaþau *hrōpijaþai *hrōpijaiþau
1st dual *hrōpijōs *hrōpijaiw — — —
2nd dual *hrōpijaþiz *hrōpijaiþiz *hrōpijaþiz — —
1st plural *hrōpijamaz *hrōpijaim — *hrōpijanþai *hrōpijainþau
2nd plural *hrōpīþ *hrōpijaiþ *hrōpīþ *hrōpijanþai *hrōpijainþau
3rd plural *hrōpijanþi *hrōpijain *hrōpijanþau *hrōpijanþai *hrōpijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hrōpidǭ *hrōpidēdį̄
2nd singular *hrōpidēz *hrōpidēdīz
3rd singular *hrōpidē *hrōpidēdī
1st dual *hrōpidēdū *hrōpidēdīw
2nd dual *hrōpidēdudiz *hrōpidēdīdiz
1st plural *hrōpidēdum *hrōpidēdīm
2nd plural *hrōpidēdud *hrōpidēdīd
3rd plural *hrōpidēdun *hrōpidēdīn
present past
participles *hrōpijandz *hrōpidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpijan
    • Old English: hrēpan
    • Old Saxon: *hrōpian
      • ⇒ Old Saxon: *gihrōpian
    • Old High German: *hruofen, ruofen
      • Middle High German: rüefen
  • Old Norse: hrœpa
  • Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hrōpjan)

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōpjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 188
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