Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.[1]

    Noun

    *tьmà f[1]

    1. dark, darkness
    Declension
    Declension of *tьmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *tьmà *tь̀mě *tьmỳ
    genitive *tьmỳ *tьmù *tь̀mъ
    dative *tьmě̀ *tьmàma *tьmàmъ
    accusative *tьmǫ̀ *tь̀mě *tьmỳ
    instrumental *tьmòjǫ, *tь̀mǫ** *tьmàma *tьmàmī
    locative *tьmě̀ *tьmù *tьmàsъ, *tьmàxъ*
    vocative *tьmo *tь̀mě *tьmỳ

    * -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
    ** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

    Derived terms
    Descendants
    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
    • South Slavic:
    • West Slavic:
      • Czech: tma
        • Moravian (Mistřice): tma
      • Old Polish: ćma
      • Polabian: ťåmă
      • Pomeranian:
        • Kashubian: cma
        • Slovincian: cma
      • Old Slovak: cma, tma
      • Sorbian:
        • Upper Sorbian: ćma
        • Lower Sorbian: śma
          • (Schleifer dialect): ćma

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”

    Further reading

    • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
    • Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)‎[2], volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 503

    Etymology 2

      Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish tümän, Kyrgyz түмөн (tümön).[1]

      Noun

      Proto-Slavic numbers (edit)
       ←  10  ←  1,000 10,000
          Cardinal: *tьma

      *tьma f[2]

      1. myriad, ten thousand
      Declension
      Declension of *tьma (hard a-stem)
      singular dual plural
      nominative *tьma *tьmě *tьmy
      genitive *tьmy *tьmu *tьmъ
      dative *tьmě *tьmama *tьmamъ
      accusative *tьmǫ *tьmě *tьmy
      instrumental *tьmojǫ, *tьmǫ** *tьmama *tьmami
      locative *tьmě *tьmu *tьmasъ, *tьmaxъ*
      vocative *tьmo *tьmě *tьmy

      * -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
      ** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

      Descendants

      References

      1. ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
      2. ^ Marek Stachowski (2005) “Uwagi o zapożyczeniach ałtajskich w języku prasłowiańskim i kwestie pokrewne”, in Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś, Marzanna Pomorska, editors, Turks and non-Turks. Studies on the history of linguistic and cultural contacts‎[1], volume 10, Kraków, →ISBN, *tъma ~ *tьma, page 445
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