Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tamu

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼴 (tmw),^[1] the accusative form of 𐽂𐼺 (tm, “hell”) ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *támHas (“darkness”) from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (“darkness”)^[2] whence also Persian (tam, “veil”).

Some forms suggest inheritence from a form *tamug or *tamuk, according to Clauson, these forms reflect different borrowings from different Iranian languages. Compare also Sogdian 𐽂𐼺𐼷𐼸 (tmyk, “hellish”).

Connection with *tam- (“to ignite”) is coincidental and based on folk etymology.

Noun

*tamu

(Common Turkic, religion) hell
Antonym: *uštmag

Declension

Declension of *tamu
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*tamu
accusative	tamug, tamunï¹⁾
genitive	*tamunuŋ
dative	*tamuka
locative	*tamuda
ablative	*tamudan
allative	*tamugaru
instrumental ²⁾	*tamun
equative ²⁾	*tamuča
similative ²⁾	*tamulayu
comitative ²⁾	*tamulugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Proto-Common Turkic: *tamu, *tamug, *tamuk

Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: طامو (tamu), طامی (tamı), طمو (tamu)
    - Ottoman Turkish: طامو (tamu)
      - Turkish: tamu
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: تَمُو (tamū)^[3]
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (tamug)
    - Uyghur: تامۇق (tamuq)
    - Uzbek: tamugʻ
Kipchak: tamuc, tamu, tamux, tamuch, tamuk (Codex Cumanicus)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: тамуҡ (tamuq)
    - → Chuvash: тамăк (tamăk)
  - Tatar: тәмуг (tämuğ)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: тамұқ (tamūq)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: тамы (tamï)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: tʾmw (tamu)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *tamu (“hell”)

References

^ Gharib, B. (1995) “tm-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 387
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 626
^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 234

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tamu:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 503
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “tamu”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 460

[1] Gharib, B. (1995) “tm-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 387

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 626

[3] -Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 234

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