Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/qawg

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Proto-Yeniseian numbers (edit)
10
1 2  →  10  → 
    Cardinal: *qawg, *quç, *tɬin
    Ordinal: *qawgwasVŋʷ, *quçwasVŋʷ
    Adverbial: *qawgpa, *quçpa

Alternative reconstructions

  • Etymology 1:
    • *qɔˀk (per Werner 2002)
    • *χu- (per Starostin 2005)
    • *qoˀg, *qaˀg (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
    • *qok (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: q.1-k.2)
  • Etymology 2:
    • *qɔˀ, *χɔˀ (per Werner 2002)
    • *qoˀ, *qogʌ, *qaˀʌ, *qagʌ (per Vajda-Werner 2022)
    • *qawŋʷ (per Fortescue-Vajda 2022)

Etymology 1

Most likely related to Proto-Yeniseian *qu-ç (“one, 1”) (inanimate).

Kott, Arin and Pumpokol words for 'one' stem from the inanimate variant *qu-ç instead, where they lost the animacy-inanimacy distinction. Proto-Yeniseian animacy-inanimacy distinction in numerals is limited with this term, while the other numbers take on the same form regardless of noun class.

Numeral

*qawg (ordinal *qawg-was-Vŋʷ)

  1. (cardinal number, animate) one, 1
    Coordinate term: *qu-ç (“one, 1”) (inanimate)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: kuok
      • Ket: ӄоʼӄ (qɔˀq), ӄогда (qɔ́kda)
    • Ostyak Yug: xô
      • Yug: хоʼк (χɔˀk), хогда (χɔ́kda), хогдуʼ (χɔgduˀ)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒? Kott: hûpiga (“alone”)
    • ⇒ Assan: haútu, háutu
    • ⇒ Assan: hautu (“He is alone.”) (Attested as a sentence.)

Etymology 2

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *cawnɢ (“bone”); Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼən (“bone”), Navajo atsʼin (“bones”) and Tlingit sʼaaḵ (/⁠sʼaːqʰ⁠/, “bone”). Proto-Na-Dené reconstruction is Vajda's (2022) own, who then marries the two language families under the Proto-Dené-Yeniseian **cawnɢ ~ **qawŋʷɢ ("bone").

Noun

*qawg (plural *qawg-Vŋ)

  1. (anatomy) bone
    Synonym: *adʳ
  2. (zootomy) horn

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: koó
      • Ket: ӄоʼ (qɔˀ)
        • ⇒ Ket: ӄоӈтий (qɔŋtij, “trunk, skeleton”)
      • ⇒ Ket: ӄоони (qɔ̀ːni, “cartilage”) (cf. и (“skin”))
    • ⇒ Yug: хоʼӈ (χɔˀŋ, “pair horns”) (Attested in the plural.)
  • Kottic:
    • ⇒ Assan: xau-bédžar (“finger”)[1]
    • Kott: hau (“horn, thumb, big toe”)
    • ⇒ Kott: qagal, xagal, xakal (“bone”)

References

  1. ^ Werner, Heinrich (2005) “xaubédžar (M, W, Kl, VW)”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 140

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “'1' (Table 13)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 57 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “'1' (Table 9)”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 245 of 216-293
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Footnote e”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 261 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “62.) ~*cawnɢ (or *qawŋʷɢ)”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*qoˀg < *qaˀg”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 676
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*qoˀ/*qog(ʌ) < *qaˀʌ/*qag(ʌ)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 671
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[5], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 440
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 378
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “²qɔˀ (II)”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 122
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “²qɔˀk (II)/qɔˀq”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 123
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “Horn”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 247
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