Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/tɬuwdʳ

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

  • *guˀda, *kuˀt (per Werner 2002 and Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *guʔda (per Starostin 1994-2005)
  • *tɬuwdʳa (per Fortescue-Vajda 2024)
  • *kud (per Cologne group 2024. Pattern:k.2-t.3)

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Na-Dene *tɬuwχ (“weave”) and Proto-Athabaskan *tɬʔuˑɬ (“rope”) by Fortescue-Vajda (2022). Proto-Athabaskan word replaced the coda *-χ from the Na-Dené stage with *-ɬ (instrument-noun suffix), hence the disparity.

According to Khatagaeva (2019)[1] and Vajda-Werner (2022)[2][3], Kottic forms are likely borrowings from Proto-Turkic *kur (“belt, girdle”). However, the sound correspondences and both Arin and Pumpokol cognates suggest a native Yeniseian formation. Helimski (1997)[4] on the other hand argue in favor of the Turkic words being borrowed from Yeniseian instead, alongside Samoyedic Mator. Fortescue-Vajda (2022) and Vajda (2024) however, include Kott and Assan, alongside Arin and Pumpokol in the comparison. Cologne group instead includes Ketic and Kottic, but excludes Arin and Pumpokol. Starostin (2005) also claims that Kottic words are unrelated to Turkic, giving the extraneous element -a as proof.

In any case, sound correspondences between Kott, Assan and Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction follow established sound change paradigms.

Noun

*tɬuwdʳ (plural *tɬuwdʳ-Vŋ)

  1. rope
    Synonym: *xʷaŋja

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: kut (“girth, belt?”)
      • Ket: куʼт (kuˀt, “belt, girdle”)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: kura (“rope”)
    • Kott: kûra (“rope”)
    • → Mator: кура (“rope”)
    • →? Proto-Turkic: *kur (“belt, girdle”)
  • Arinic:
    • ⇒ Arin: l'u-l'ap (lʲu-lʲap), t'u-l'ap (tʲu-lʲap, “rope”, literally “rope-piece”)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: lut (“rope”)

References

  1. ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2019) Language Contact in Siberia: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic Loanwords in Yeniseian (The languages of Asia series; 19)‎[1], Brill, →ISBN, page 132
  2. ^ Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “kura (2)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 431
  3. ^ Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*kuˀt (2)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 434
  4. ^ Helimski, Eugene (1997) Die Matorische Sprache: Wörterbuch - Grundzüge der Grammatik - Sprachgeschichte unter Mitarbeit von Beáta Nagy (Studia Uralo-Altaica; 41), Szeged, page 295

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “k.2”, in “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 70 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[3], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 241-242, 285 of 216-293
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
  • Fortescue, Michael, Vajda, Edward (2022) “32.) ~*tɬuwdʳ”, in Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas; 17)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) “*tɬuwdra”, in The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[6], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 417
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “²kuˀt”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 458
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “Gürtel”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 243
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “rope”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 318
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